2^nd World Congress and Expo on Surgery October 22-23, 2020 Osaka, Japan

Due to the changing, the lifestyle people are more prone to cardiac disorders and the field of cardiac surgery is also grown to a greater extent through the minimally invasive procedures. Generally, the cardiac surgeons perform the minimally invasive surgical procedures through the small incisions on the right side of the chest this acts as the alternative to the traditional open-heart surgery. In minimally invasive surgery the cardiac surgeons are found to have a better view and the diagnosis than the conventional methods.

Cosmetic surgeries are generally brought about to improve the appearance. The very important factor of the cosmetic surgery is that it should not be handled without the proper caution. Some of the procedures like abdominoplasty or tummy tack are generally used to remove the excess skin and fat from the abdominal region.

Generally, any kind of surgical procedures for the treatment of teeth and jaw-bones is called the dental surgery. They include endodontic, prosthodontics and orthodontic treatments. The broad field of dental and the maxillofacial surgeries are slightly interrelated. The simplest dental surgery procedures include the root canal treatment.

Commonly there are two major categories under the digestive tract surgeries they include upper GI tract surgery and the lower GI tract surgery. Upper gastro intestinal tract surgery includes all from hernia to gall stones and the simple changes in the swallowing mechanism or complex surgical oncological procedures. Whereas the lower gastrointestinal surgery includes most of the small intestine and the entire large intestine. The weight reduction surgeries called bariatric surgeries may also be included under the digestive tract surgery. Stomach stapling and Roux-en-Y are typically done during the same surgical procedure and together are called a "Roux-en-Y gastric bypass”.

Generally, the general surgeons are not supposed to focus only on the surgery they are also responsible for the pre and post-operative care after the surgery. Usually, the general surgeons are found to perform many types of surgery due to their broad range in the mode of education. They are mostly found to deal with skin, breast, soft tissue and perform endoscopic procedures such as gastroscopy and colonoscopy. Certain general surgeons move for further specialized studies while some rely on this broad field itself due to their interest.

• Alimentary Tract (esophagus and related organs)
• Abdomen and its Contents
• Breast, Skin and Soft Tissue
• Endocrine System
• Colorectal surgery

Due to the rapid growth in the field of surgery and anesthesiology the surgical procedures have now a days became less painful for the patients and allows them to get back to their normal life faster than the traditional surgery. Anesthesiology can be defined as the procedure to bring up the loss of sensation in patients either by means of inhalation or by the mode of injection. Continues reinventions and developments may be the reason for the growth of surgery and anesthesiology. The recent developments in the field of minimally invasive surgeries are also the reason behind them.

Gynecological surgery is one of the broadly encompassing fields and it focusses on the all streams related to women’s health like gynecology, fetal surgery and the oncology. Cervical cry-surgery, colposcopy, dilation and curettage are the some of the important gynecological surgical procedures. In the procedure called dilation and the curettage the doctor removes the uterine lining with the suction or a sharp curette.

• Hysterectomy
• Endometrial ablation
• Oophorectomy
• Tuboplasty

Neurosurgery is generally concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment of any disorders associated with the sensory system including the cerebrum, spinal rope, fringe nerves and the cerebrovascular system. General neurosurgery includes the two broad categories like neurotrauma and other neuro-emergencies such as intracranial hemorrhage etc. Some of the neurosurgical procedures are found to involve intra-operative MRI and the functional MRI.

• Vascular neurosurgery
• Interventional Neuroradiology / Endovascular surgical neuroradiology
• Stereotactic neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, and epilepsy surgery
• Endoscopic Spine Surgery

Eye surgery alternatively known as the ocular surgery is commonly the surgical procedures associated with the eye or its parts by the ophthalmologists. They are generally concerned with the treatment of disorders in cornea, sclera, conjunctiva and eyelids including corneal dystrophies, microbial infections, conjunctiva and corneal tumors.

• Laser surgery
• Cataract surgery
• Glaucoma surgery
• Refractive surgery
• Corneal surgery
• Eyelid and orbital surgery

Orthopedic surgeons are mainly focused on the disorders or the unexpected trauma occurring in the musculoskeletal system. The term T&O Surgery is the combination of trauma and the orthopedic surgeons. Surgery of the hand and wrist, spinal surgery, Joint replacement and the reconstruction are the key areas of the orthopedic surgery.

• Knee arthroscopy
• Carpel tunnel syndrome
• Knee replacement
• Ankle fracture
• Shoulder arthroscopy

Otolaryngology generally deals with the treatment of ear, nose and the throat and the associated areas of the head and neck. The doctors who specializes in this fields are called as the otolaryngologists are the ENT doctors and most commonly as head and neck surgeons. Cancer and benign tumors of the head and neck are also treated by them.

• Laryngology
• Otology/Neurology
• Pediatric Otolaryngology
• Rhinology

Pediatric surgery generally focuses on the surgery involving the fetuses, infants, children, adolescents and young adults. The field of pediatric surgery can be classified into two broad categories: neonatal surgery and the fetal surgery. Most commonly other areas of the surgeries also include the pediatric specialties like pediatric nephrology. Pediatric urology and the pediatric emergency surgical procedures.

• Pediatric infectious disease treatment
• Birth defects rectification
• Pediatric orthopedics
• Pediatric neurology
• Congenital anomalies

The most common factor in which the surgery depends on is the principle of optimal healing. To explain in detail the innate properties of the body tissue to heal itself is called as the optimal healing. Exploring the medical history, physical examination and radiographic findings should be analyzed before the surgery has been fixed. Maintaining the aseptic techniques both the medical asepsis and surgical asepsis are also the basic principles of surgery. The principles and the steps of surgery include patient assessment, screening for the diseases, surgical planning, maintaining homeostasis and wound healing.

• Developing a surgical diagnosis
• Aseptic techniques
• Incision
• Hemostasis
• Decontamination and debridement

As most of us know there is a common quote stating that all the surgeons are physicians but not all physicians are surgeons. Most probably surgeons perform same as that of the physicians like detecting the illness, predicting the medical reports but while physicians focus on the theme that encourages the body to heal itself surgeons performs some actions to rectify the illness, injuries and any malfunctions. Surgeons may also refer as the kings and queens of the operating rooms.

• Primary care-internal medicine guider
• General Surgeons
• Intensive care
• Pre and post-operative care

Surgical instrumentation is also one of the important tools in the field of surgery. Cutting instruments, grasping and holding instruments, hemostatic instruments, retractors and tissue unifying instruments which are commonly used in the fields of surgery. Surgical instrumentation has become one of the important fields in the biomedical sciences and are found to be rapidly growing. The rapidly growing minimally invasive surgeries and the other laparoscopic techniques may be the reason for the growth of surgical instrumentation. And most probably surgeons are also started relying on minimally invasive surgeries which may be the reason for the rapid growth of surgical instrumentation.

• Proper sterilization
• Biomedical instrumentation
• Fiber optic endoscopes
• optical, electronic and mechanical devices

The fact called surgical nursing plays the important role in the success of the surgery. A surgical nurse commonly referred to as scrub nurse or theatre nurse is responsible for the pre and post-operative care after the surgery. There are various stages in the surgery in which the surgical nurse will be assisting the patients, surgeons, surgical technicians, nurse anesthetists, and other medical practitioners. Surgical nurses may practice in different types of surgery like general surgery, vascular surgery, Colo-rectal surgery, and orthopedic surgery.

• Pediatric Surgical and Trauma Nursing
• Intensive and Critical Care Nursing
• Assisting in Surgery
• Pre and post-operative care

The term surgical oncology includes chemotherapy, radiology and the other surgical procedures. Surgical oncology also includes advanced surgical recovery programs usually designed for the victims. Though there are many treatments surgery stands out to be the best procedures for the removal of the solid tumors.

• Bronchoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Oncoplastic and reconstructive surgery
• Biopsy
• Bowel resection

Some of the common transplantation procedures involve kidney, liver, heart, lungs and the pancreas nowadays due to the advancement in the field of medicine and technology certain organs like windpipe and some nerves of the brain is also transferred. Rarely the separation of conjoined twins’ procedures also requires the transplant surgeons. Finding of the suitable donor and the immune system suppression are some of the challenges of the transplantation surgery.

• Heart-lung transplantation
• Liver transplantation
• Pancreatic islets transplantation

Trauma care surgical units include both the surgical and the non-surgical procedures involved in the treatment of traumatic injuries importantly in the acute cases. There is generally the team consisting of trauma care surgeon, nurses and the supporting staff including the physician to serve the victims in case of emergency.

• Critical care
• Psychological trauma
• Sports injury
• Radiology in trauma
• Reconstructive Burn Surgery

Vascular surgeons are found to perform far more than a surgery and they are perfectly trained to take care of the disorders of a vascular system. Vascular surgeons are generally trained for all kinds of surgical procedures like open, complicated and endovascular surgical procedures. They even take care of traffic jams in the circulatory system caused by the hardening of the arteries.

• Amputation Carotid
• Endarterectomy
• Aortic dissection
• Thrombolytic therapy